Training nurses and care/ministering when dealing with tuberculosis, nervous and mental diseases (1920s) / Formação da enfermeira e os cuidados ante a tuberculose e doenças nervosas e mentais (década de 1920) / Formación en enfermería y los cuidados ante la tuberculosis y las enfermedades nerviosas y mentales (década de 1920)

In this study we analyze the Goldmark Report recommendations for the adjustment in the training of nurses in two areas: tuberculosis and nervous and mental diseases. The method used here was the historical research based on documentary analysis. The results showed that Nursing Schools and Courses at the time met the requirements more of its institutions, sponsors and trainers, rather than following the report’s guidelines to include in their curricula, materials specific for tuberculosis and mental diseases. We conclude that the Goldmark Report identified the resistance of nurses in dealing with this issue. However, recommendations were left behind that had an impact on these training courses in the 20th century...

Neste estudo analisam-se as recomendações do Relatório Goldmark para o ajuste na formação das(os) enfermeiras(os) em duas áreas: a tuberculose e as doenças nervosas e mentais. O método usado foi a pesquisa histórica, embasada na análise documental. Os resultados mostraram que as Escolas e Cursos de Enfermagem, à época, atenderam mais as exigências de suas instituições, mantenedoras e formadoras, do que procuraram seguir as orientações do Relatório, no sentido de contemplar, nos seus currículos, matérias específicas para a tuberculose e doenças mentais. Conclui-se que o Relatório Goldmark identificou a resistência das enfermeiras em lidar com esse tema. No entanto, deixou recomendações que tiveram impacto na formação dessas no transcorrer do século XX...

En este estudio se analizan las recomendaciones del Informe Goldmark para el ajuste en la formación de las (los) enfermeras (os) en dos áreas: la tuberculosis y las enfermedades nerviosas y mentales. El método utilizado fue la investigación histórica, basada en el análisis documental. Los resultados mostraron que las Escuelas de Enfermería y Cursos en el momento cumplieron mas los requisitos de sus instituciones, patrocinadores y formadoras , que de seguir las directrices del informe, para incluir, en sus planes de estudio, materiales específicos para la tuberculosis y enfermedades mentales. Llegamos a la conclusión de que el Informe Goldmark identificó la resistencia de las enfermeras en el tratamiento de este problema. Sin embargo, dejo que las recomendaciones que tuvieron un impacto en la formación de éstas en el curso del siglo XX...

Terms care and assistance in the titles of the theses in nursing (1963-2011) / Termos cuidado e assistência nos títulos das teses em enfermagem (1963-2011) / Las expresiones de cuidado y asistencia en los títulos de las tesis en enfermería (1963 -2011)

Objetivo: Analisar a frequência de aplicação dos termos “cuidado” e “assistência” nos títulos das teses produzidas por enfermeiros (as) na Enfermagem e áreas afins. Método: Quantitativo na perspectiva da história serial, cujo desenvolvimento apoiou-se na observação documental. As informações foram transferidas de uma planilha de Excel para o programa estatístico - SPSS STATICTS. Para análise das informações, foram realizadas comparações das frequências relativas (proporções) dos termos “cuidado” e “assistência” contidos nos títulos das teses. Tais procedimentos foram realizados por meio do teste Qui-quadrado, considerando um nível de significância (α) igual a 5%. Resultados: Mostraram que de 1865 teses, identificaram-se o termo “cuidado” e suas variações em 230 títulos (12,3%), enquanto que o termo “assistência” em 117 teses (6,3%). Conclusão: A superação do termo “cuidado” sobre o termo “assistência” impõe uma reflexão a partir de seus significados na aplicação desses referidos termos.

Objetivo: Analizar la frecuencia de aplicación de los términos "cuidado" y "asistencia" en los títulos de las tesis producidas por los enfermeros en las áreas de enfermería y afines. Método: Cuantitativo, historia serial, observación documental. La información se transfiere de una hoja de cálculo Excel para el software estadístico. Para el análisis de la información, se hicieron comparaciones de las frecuencias relativas (proporciones) de los términos "cuidado" y "asistencia" que figura en los títulos de las tesis. Estos procedimientos se realizaron con la prueba de chi-cuadrado, considerando un nivel de significación (α) igual al 5%. Resultados: Mostraron que la tesis de 1865, el término "cuidado" y sus variaciones se identificaron en 230 títulos (12,3%), mientras que el término "asistencia" en las tesis de 117 (6,3%). Conclusión: La superación de la expresión "cuidado" sobre el término "asistencia" impone una reflexión a partir de sus significados.

Objective: Analyzing the frequency of application of the expressions “care” and “assistance” in the titles of theses produced by nurses in Nursing area and related fields. Method: The quantitative method was used under the perspective of serial history, whose development was supported by the documentary observation. The information was transferred from the Excel spreadsheet to statistical software. For information analysis, we compared the relative frequencies (proportions) of the expressions “care” and “assistance” contained in the titles of the theses. These procedures were performed using the chi-square test, considering a significance level (α) equal to 5%. Results: Showed that of 1865 thesis, the term “care” and its variations were identified in 230 titles (12.3%), while the term “assistance” in theses 117 (6.3%). Conclusion: The overcoming of the term “care” in comparison with the term “assistance” imposes a reflection from their meanings in the application of these terms.

Detection of enteric viruses in recreational waters of an urban lagoon in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

The aim of this study was to determine the occurrences of the group A rotavirus (RVA), norovirus (NoV) and human adenovirus (HAdV) in the surface waters of an urban lagoon (Rodrigo de Freitas Lagoon) in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. During one year of surveillance, water samples were obtained from the lagoon and other interconnected ecosystems (river and beach). The samples were concentrated using an adsorption-elution method with a negatively charged membrane and tested by qualitative and quantitative polymerase chain reaction assays. RVA was the most prevalent virus detected (24.3%) with a viral load ranging from 3.0 x 10¹-5.6 x 10(4) genome copies/L, followed by NoV (18.8%) and HAdV (16.7%). Considering water samples suitable for bathing, according to Escherichia coli criterion (< 2,000 most probable number/100 mL), viruses were detected in 50% (57/114) of them. Physicochemical parameters were also measured and showed possible correlations between turbidity and RVA presence and between pH and NoV presence. These data demonstrate the importance of considering viral parameters to ensure water quality and the utilisation of these parameters as additional tools for the characterisation of environmental contamination.

Molecular detection of human astrovirus in an urban sewage treatment plant in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

The objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and dissemination of human astroviruses (HAstV) in the environment by analyzing urban sewage samples from a wastewater treatment plant in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. A one-year study was performed with a total of 48 raw and treated sewage composite samples, which were collected biweekly from an activated sludge plant. Virus particles were concentrated by the adsorption-elution method using negatively charged membranes associated to a Centriprep Concentrator® 50 (Nihon Millipore). HAstV were detected in 16.7 percent of the samples in raw and treated sewage by using both qualitative and quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reactions (RT-PCR and qPCR, respectively). Positive untreated sewage sample exhibited mean values of 1.1 x 10(4) gEq/mL. The qPCR sensitivity was 18 gEq/reaction. Through utilization of qPCR, a HAstV recovery efficiency of 4.2 percent and 4.3 percent was demonstrated for raw and treated sewage samples, respectively. The presence of HAstV in both the raw and treated sewage samples demonstrated the dissemination of these viruses in the environment as well as viral permanence after sewage treatment. There was a reduction in the total and faecal coliform levels, indicating efficiency of the wastewater treatment plant.

Complete genetic characterization of a Brazilian dengue virus type 3 strain isolated from a fatal outcome

We have determined the complete nucleotide and the deduced amino acid sequences of Brazilian dengue virus type 3 (DENV-3) from a dengue case with fatal outcome, which occurred during an epidemic in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 2002. This constitutes the first complete genetic characterization of a Brazilian DENV-3 strain since its introduction into the country in 2001. DENV-3 was responsible for the most severe dengue epidemic in the state, based on the highest number of reported cases and on the severity of clinical manifestations and deaths reported.